OS(Operating System)是操作系统的缩写,它是计算机系统的核心软件,负责管理计算机硬件资源、提供用户与计算机之间的交互界面以及实现各种应用程序。
1. 进程:进程是操作系统中的基本运行单位,每个进程都有自己的地址空间和执行环境。进程之间可以并发执行,也可以顺序执行。进程是操作系统进行资源分配和管理的基础。
2. 线程:线程是进程的一个实例,每个线程都有自己的执行路径和执行环境。线程之间可以并发执行,也可以顺序执行。线程是实现多任务处理的关键机制。
3. 内存:内存是计算机系统中用于存储数据和程序的临时存储设备。内存可以分为物理内存和虚拟内存两种类型。物理内存是计算机系统的永久存储设备,用于存储正在运行的程序和数据。虚拟内存是操作系统为解决物理内存不足问题而采用的一种技术,通过将部分内存空间映射到硬盘上,实现内存的扩展。
4. 文件:文件是存储在计算机系统中的数据集合,由文件名和文件内容组成。文件可以分为文本文件、二进制文件、目录文件等类型。操作系统通过文件系统对文件进行组织和管理。
5. 文件系统:文件系统是操作系统中用于组织和管理文件的系统。文件系统的主要功能包括文件存储、文件检索、文件保护、文件共享等。常见的文件系统有FAT(File Allocation Table)、NTFS(New Technology File System)、EXT4(Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extended Extensible Block Device (XBD)